Sanchi Stupa

Sanchi Stupa, located in Madhya Pradesh is one of the most visited places amongst Buddhist. India is the birthplace of several religions. Many religions took birth in India and flourished in India and even outside India. Buddhism is one such religion.  Gautam Buddha, who founded this religion, was born in India, and later his followers (including Ashoka the great) propagated the religion outside India as well. In India, there are some places where there are Buddhist monasteries and stupas, which are a symbol of this religion.

Sanchi: A Center of Buddhist Learning

Sanchi was not only a site of pilgrimage but also a major center of Buddhist learning and culture. The Sanchi complex includes several smaller stupas, monasteries, temples, and pillars that were built over different periods. These structures collectively provide valuable insights into the evolution of Buddhist architecture and art in India.

The Ashoka Pillar, another notable structure in the complex, bears inscriptions in Brahmi script and is a fine example of Mauryan craftsmanship. The pillar, with its ornate capital featuring four lions, is similar in design to the famous Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath, which is now the national emblem of India.

The monasteries and temples within the Sanchi complex were once vibrant centers of Buddhist education and practice. Monks from different regions would come here to study, meditate, and disseminate the teachings of the Buddha. The remnants of these structures reflect the scholarly and spiritual activities that thrived in Sanchi for centuries.

Location of Sanchi Stupa:

The great stupa at Sanchi is regarded as one of the oldest stone monument in India, and an important milestone in the history of Indian architecture. It is a very famous Buddhist complex located on the top of a hill at Sanchi town, in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. Sanchi is located at a distance of 46 km from Bhopal.

Historical Background

The history of Sanchi Stupa dates back to the Mauryan period when Emperor Ashoka, a devout follower of Buddhism, commissioned the construction of several stupas across his empire to enshrine the relics of Lord Buddha. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, also known as Stupa No. 1, is the largest and most significant of these structures.

Originally, the stupa was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. However, during the subsequent centuries, especially under the Shunga and Satavahana dynasties, the stupa underwent several modifications and expansions. The addition of the stone railings, decorative gateways (toranas), and other embellishments transformed it into a magnificent architectural masterpiece.

Architectural Splendor

The Sanchi Stupa is an exemplary model of ancient Buddhist architecture, characterized by its harmonious proportions, intricate carvings, and symbolic elements. The architectural features of the stupa reflect the artistic and spiritual sensibilities of the period.

The Hemispherical Dome

The central structure of the Sanchi Stupa is a massive hemispherical dome (anda) that symbolizes the cosmic mountain, representing the universe. The dome is solid and constructed with bricks and stone. It is designed to house the relics of the Buddha, making it a revered site for Buddhist pilgrims.

The Chatra and Harmika

At the top of the dome is a square platform called the harmika, which represents the abode of the gods. Above the harmika, there is a central pillar supporting three-tiered umbrellas (chatras). These chatras symbolize the Three Jewels of Buddhism: the Buddha, the Dharma (teachings), and the Sangha (monastic community). The chatra and harmika together create a focal point that draws the viewer’s gaze upward, signifying the spiritual ascent.

The Toranas

One of the most striking features of the Sanchi Stupa is the four elaborately carved gateways, known as toranas, which are positioned at the cardinal points of the compass. Each torana consists of two vertical pillars topped by three horizontal architraves. The carvings on these gateways depict various scenes from the life of the Buddha, Jataka tales (stories of the Buddha’s previous lives), and symbols such as the lotus, the wheel, and the Bodhi tree.

The toranas are not only architectural marvels but also serve as narrative art, conveying the teachings and stories of Buddhism through intricate and detailed carvings. The artistry displayed in these gateways is a testament to the skill and creativity of the artisans of the time.

The Medhi and Vedika

Surrounding the main dome is a raised terrace called the medhi, which serves as a circumambulatory path for devotees. The medhi is enclosed by a stone railing known as the vedika. The vedika is adorned with symbolic carvings and inscriptions, adding to the overall beauty and sanctity of the stupa.

Symbolism and Spiritual Significance

The Sanchi Stupa is rich in symbolic elements that convey the core principles of Buddhism. The dome represents the universe, while the central pillar and chatras symbolize the connection between the earthly and the divine. The circular shape of the stupa signifies the cycle of life, death, and rebirth, and the path of enlightenment that transcends this cycle.

The carvings on the toranas and vedika serve as visual scriptures, illustrating the Buddha’s journey to enlightenment, his teachings, and the values of compassion, non-violence, and wisdom. These artistic representations provide devotees with a means to connect with the Buddha’s life and teachings on a deeper level.

Preservation and Conservation

The Sanchi Stupa has stood the test of time, surviving invasions, natural calamities, and centuries of neglect. Its preservation is a result of the combined efforts of historians, archaeologists, and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Extensive restoration work has been carried out to maintain the structural integrity and aesthetic beauty of the stupa.

In the 19th century, British archaeologist Sir Alexander Cunningham played a significant role in rediscovering and documenting the Sanchi Stupa. His efforts, along with those of subsequent archaeologists, have helped in the preservation and promotion of this ancient monument.

The Architecture of the Stupa:

The great stupa at Sanchi is 120 feet (37 metres) wide and 54 feet (17 metres) high. The nucleus of the stupa was built in the shape of a huge hemisphere (anda) kept upside down. Among other things, this dome symbolizes heaven encircling the earth. This dome houses the relic chamber, where the remains of Lord Buddha are believed to have been kept safely.

The dome is surmounted by a squared railing (called harmika) that is believed to represent the world mountain. Some other elements include a central pillar (called yashti) that symbolizes the cosmic axis, which joins three circular discs. This triple umbrella structure is called chattra and holds great significance to this stupa and also to Buddhism because these three circular discs represent the 3 jewels of Buddhism—the Buddha, the dharma (doctrine), and the sangha (community). This parasol like structure was built to crown the structure and symbolize a high rank with an intention to provide shelter and pay respect to the relics of Gautam Buddha.

There is a circular terrace (called Medhi), which surrounds the dome. This medhi, enclosed by railings, is meant to be used by devotees to perform a parikrama (circumambulate) around the relics in a clockwise direction and pay their homage. This entire structure is within a boundary of low walls (called vedika). At 4 cardinal points, there are ‘torana’ (ceremonial gates), which are the shining part of the Sanchi sculpture. Each torana is made up of two squared pillars topped by capitals of sculptured animals or dwarfs, surmounted by three architraves. All the elements are covered with relief sculpture depicting the events of the Buddha’s life, Jaatak tales (Buddhist moral stories which talk about previous births of Buddha and teach some important moral lessons), scenes of early Buddhism, and auspicious symbols. Among the main Jaataka stories depicted are the Syama Jaatak, the Vessantara Jaatak, and the Mahakapi Jaatak.

 

The railings also have inscribed the names of the donors. One of the notable entries here is the ivory workers of Vidisha. There are very brief records of the donors written in Brahmi script. In addition, there are more inscriptions on the railings, which were added later during the time of the Gupta Period.

On the lines of pillars of Ashoka, a 42 feet high pillar of finely polished sandstone was errected on the side of the main Torana. The pillar is now broken, with only the bottom part standing there. The upper parts are kept at the nearby Archaeological Museum.

Sanchi Stupa in Modern Times

Today, the Sanchi Stupa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular tourist destination. It attracts visitors from around the world who come to admire its architectural splendor, learn about its historical significance, and experience its serene ambiance.

The site is well-maintained, with informative signage and guided tours available for visitors. The nearby Sanchi Museum houses a collection of artifacts, sculptures, and relics excavated from the site, providing further context and understanding of the rich heritage of Sanchi.

Best time to visit Sanchi Stupa:

The best time to visit Sanchi is during the winters, from November to March. The weather is quite pleasant during this time of the year. Summers can be very hot here. Monsoon is also a good time to visit Sanchi, though you may face some difficulties getting around the city if it is raining very heavy.

How to reach?

• By Air: The closest airport to Sanchi is Raja Bhoj Airport at Bhopal, which is about 55 km away. From here, you can easily get a taxi that will get you to Sanchi in about an hour. Bhopal is the capital city of Madhya Pradesh and has regular flights from all major airports of India.

• By Train: The nearest railway Station to Sanchi Stupa is Sanchi, which is a relatively small station, and is located at a distance of about 2 km. You can get a bus or rickshaw outside the station to reach the great stupa. There are only a few passenger trains and a couple of long-distance trains that halt here for a brief time. You have a direct train from your city, which halts here and that too at a decent time of the day, a better idea is to take a train to Bhopal, as it is well-connected to the rest of the country with a good rail network.

• By Bus: There is a regular bus service from Bhopal to Sanchi. The Bhopal bus stand is about a km away from the railway station, from where you will get several buses. These buses will take about an hour and drop you at a particular point on the road. At this point, there is a direction board on how to get to the Stupas. From this point, the stupa is just a walking distance. The nearest cities are: Vidisha (10 km), Raisen (18 km), Bhopal (42 km), Sagar (108 km), Ujjain (203 km), and Jhansi (234 km).

 

Entry Ticket:

There is an entry ticket for entry into the great Sanchi Stupa. The ticket is ₹ 40 for Indian nationals. Foreigners have to shell out ₹ 600 for an entry here. However, for tourists coming from SAARC countries and BIMSTEC countries, the ticket amount is again ₹ 40. The entry for children under 15 years is free.

The ticket counter is a stone throw distance from the main road. You can also go online, and make an advance booking online, make the payment and your online ticket will be sent to your email id. You may book tickets online on the website of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as well.

Final words:

The Sanchi Stupa stands as a monumental symbol of India’s ancient Buddhist heritage. Its architectural grandeur, intricate carvings, and spiritual significance make it a timeless treasure of Indian history. Visiting the Sanchi Stupa is not just an exploration of a historical monument but a journey into the spiritual and cultural essence of Buddhism.

The serene ambiance, coupled with the rich historical and artistic legacy, provides a unique and enriching experience for visitors. As one stands before the majestic dome and intricately carved gateways, it is impossible not to be awed by the profound wisdom and artistic excellence that the Sanchi Stupa embodies.

For anyone interested in history, architecture, or spirituality, the Sanchi Stupa is a must-visit destination. It offers a glimpse into the glorious past of India and the enduring legacy of the Buddha’s teachings. The Sanchi Stupa is indeed a jewel in the crown of India’s cultural heritage, a place where the past and present converge in a harmonious blend of art, architecture, and spirituality.

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